How to filter sensor noise in software or hardware?
Filtering sensor noise is essential for ensuring stable and accurate readings in embedded and control systems. You can use hardware filtering , software filtering , or a combination of both, depending on the type of sensor, system constraints, and noise characteristics. 1. Hardware Filtering Techniques a) Low-Pass RC Filter Purpose : Attenuates high-frequency noise before ADC sampling. How : Place a resistor (R) in series and a capacitor (C) to ground. Cutoff Frequency : f c = 1 2 π R C Example : For slow-changing analog signals like temperature or voltage. b) Shielding & Grounding Use twisted pair cables and shielded enclosures to reduce EMI. Proper star grounding to avoid ground loops. c) Ferrite Beads and Chokes Block high-frequency noise on power or signal lines. d) Analog Filters (Active Filters) Use op-amp based low-pass , band-pass , or notch filters to remove unwanted frequencies precisely. 2. Software...