Electronics Introduction

  Here’s a breakdown of the main languages, from the most common to the more specialized, along with the contexts in which they are used. 1. C: The Unquestioned King of Embedded Systems C  is the dominant, most widely used language for programming microprocessors and microcontrollers , especially for bare-metal and RTOS-based programming. Why it's used: Proximity to Hardware:  It allows for direct memory access through pointers and precise control over hardware registers, which is essential for configuring peripherals like timers, UART, and ADCs. Efficiency:  C compilers produce highly optimized machine code that is fast and has a small memory footprint—critical for resource-constrained devices. Portability:  While used for low-level programming, C is standardized and portable across different processor architectures (ARM, AVR, PIC, x86, etc.). The same code can often be recompiled for different targets. Maturity:  A vast ecosystem of compilers (GCC, Clang...

  Arduino and Python can communicate seamlessly , and this is one of the most popular ways to control hardware from a PC or log sensor data for analysis. Here’s the breakdown: 1. The Communication Channel Arduino boards usually communicate with a computer through a USB cable . That USB port is internally a serial (UART) interface , exposed as a COM port (Windows) or /dev/ttyUSB0 / /dev/ttyACM0 (Linux/Mac). So the key mechanism is serial communication . 2. Arduino Side On Arduino, you write a sketch that uses the built-in Serial library: void setup () { Serial. begin ( 9600 ); // Start serial at 9600 baud } void loop () { int sensorValue = analogRead (A0); Serial. println (sensorValue); // Send data to Python delay ( 100 ); } Serial.begin(9600) sets the baud rate. Serial.print() / Serial.println() sends data. Serial.read() / Serial.parseInt() can receive commands from Python. 3. Python Side On the Python side, you use...

  LED Blinker using GPIO and Python This simple project teaches you how to use Python to control the GPIO pins on your Raspberry Pi —blinking an LED on and off.  What You Need: Raspberry Pi (any model) 1x LED 1x 330Ω resistor Breadboard and jumper wires Python 3 (pre-installed) GPIO library ( RPi.GPIO )  Wiring the Circuit: Connect the long leg of the LED (anode) to GPIO pin 18 (physical pin 12). Connect a 330Ω resistor from the LED's short leg (cathode) to GND (physical pin 6). Use a breadboard for easy wiring.  Python Code: Open the terminal and create the script: bash nano led_blink.py Paste this code: python import RPi.GPIO as GPIO import time LED_PIN = 18 GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) GPIO.setup(LED_PIN, GPIO.OUT) try : while True : GPIO.output(LED_PIN, GPIO.HIGH) print ( "LED ON" ) time.sleep( 1 ) GPIO.output(LED_PIN, GPIO.LOW) print ( "LED OFF" ) time.slee...