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How to reflash microcontroller Klipper?

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 Here’s the standard (safe) way to reflash Klipper firmware to a printer microcontroller board , plus the common variations (SD card, USB/DFU, RP2040 UF2, etc.). 0) When do you actually need to reflash? Most “Klipper updates” are host-only . You typically reflash the MCU when Klipper/Mainsail/Fluidd shows a firmware version mismatch or you changed MCU settings in make menuconfig . Klipper’s FAQ explicitly notes you may need to recompile + flash after upgrades (and that RESTART / FIRMWARE_RESTART does not load new firmware). 1) Build the correct firmware (on your Pi / host) Go to Klipper source and open config: cd ~/klipper make menuconfig Tip: the comments at the top of your printer board’s Klipper config usually tell you exactly what to pick in menuconfig . Compile: make clean make (“make clean” is commonly used before rebuilds.) Your output firmware will appear in ~/klipper/out/ (e.g., klipper.bin or klipper.uf2 ). 2) Find the MCU device path (USB fl...
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How to load program in Arduino?

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 To “load a program” onto an Arduino , you’re basically compiling your sketch and uploading it to the board over USB (or via an external programmer). Here are the common ways. Method 1: Arduino IDE (most common) Install Arduino IDE (Arduino IDE 2.x). Connect the board to your PC with USB. In IDE: Tools → Board → pick your Arduino model (Uno/Nano/Mega, etc.). Tools → Port → select the COM/USB port that appears. Open an example: File → Examples → 01.Basics → Blink Click Verify (✓) to compile. Click Upload (→) to load it onto the Arduino. The board will reset and run the program automatically. Quick check: The “L” LED should blink after uploading Blink. Method 2: Upload using a USB-to-Serial adapter (for some boards) Used when: Your board doesn’t have USB built-in, or You’re programming a bare ATmega328P + bootloader setup. Typical wiring (adapter → Arduino/ATmega): TX → RX RX → TX GND → GND 5V → 5V (only if the adapter pr...
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Where is my hex file on STM32?

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 On STM32 there isn’t a special “HEX storage” on the chip—your .hex file is generated on your PC by the build toolchain , and its location depends on the IDE/build config. If you use STM32CubeIDE (most common) Build Debug → typically here: <your_project>/Debug/ Example: ...\workspace\<project>\Debug\<project>.hex Build Release → typically here: <your_project>/Release/ Important: CubeIDE always creates an .elf . The .hex/.bin may not appear unless enabled. Enable it in CubeIDE: Project Properties → C/C++ Build → Settings → MCU Post build outputs → check “Convert to Intel Hex” (and/or Bin). If you use Keil µVision Usually in: <project>\Objects\ (or whatever you set in Options for Target). If you use IAR EWARM In the project output directory you configured (often under Debug/Exe or similar), depending on settings. Quick way to find it (any IDE) Search your project/workspace folder for: *.hex .
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Detailed Discussion on IIC Communication Protocol of FPGA

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 “IIC” and “I²C” are the same 2-wire serial bus. In an FPGA you typically implement it as a bit-accurate state machine plus open-drain bidirectional I/O control . Below is a detailed, practical discussion (master + slave), with the stuff that usually trips people up. 1) I²C fundamentals (what the bus really is) Two wires, open-drain, “wired-AND” SCL = clock SDA = data Devices never drive a ‘1’ . They either: drive low (0) , or release the line (Z) so an external pull-up resistor makes it high. Because low is dominant, multiple devices can share the bus safely. Start/Stop are special conditions (not “bytes”) START (S): SDA goes 1→0 while SCL is high STOP (P): SDA goes 0→1 while SCL is high Repeated START (Sr): a START without a STOP in between (common for register reads) Data validity rule (the golden rule) SDA must be stable when SCL is high SDA is allowed to change only when SCL is low Receiver samples SDA on SCL rising edge...
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How to turn off Raspberry Pi?

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 To safely turn off a Raspberry Pi , do one of these: From the terminal (recommended) Shutdown now sudo shutdown -h now Power off immediately sudo poweroff Halt (stops CPU; usually also powers off) sudo halt With a desktop GUI Click Menu (Raspberry icon) → Shutdown… → Shutdown If it’s frozen Try the “magic SysRq” safe reboot sequence (works only if enabled): Hold Alt + PrintScreen Slowly type: R E I S U B (reboots safely; for shutdown you’d usually still need power control afterward) After shutdown When the Pi finishes shutting down, the green ACT LED stops blinking . Then you can remove power (unless you have a power management board that cuts power automatically).
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How to find model of microcontroller for Arduino IDE?

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 In Arduino -land, the “ microcontroller model” is usually determined by which Board (and sometimes Processor) you select in the IDE. If you don’t know what chip is on the board, there are a few reliable ways to find it. 1) The fastest: check Tools → Board (and Tools → Processor ) Connect the board. In Arduino IDE: Tools → Board : pick (or confirm) the board family (Uno, Nano, Mega, ESP32 Dev Module, Pico, etc.) Tools → Processor (only appears for some AVR boards like Nano/Pro Mini): this often directly shows the MCU choice, e.g. ATmega328P vs ATmega168 . If you see a “Processor” submenu, that’s basically your answer. 2) Arduino IDE 2.x: Tools → Get Board Info With the board plugged in and the correct Tools → Port selected: Tools → Get Board Info shows things like board name , VID/PID , and sometimes the identified board profile. This won’t always print the exact MCU model, but it helps you confirm the board family so you can map it to the MCU. 3...
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How to collect Arduino serial print data?

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 Here are the most practical ways to collect (log) Arduino Serial.print() data —from quick manual capture to fully automated logging. 1) Arduino IDE Serial Monitor (quick + manual) Open Tools → Serial Monitor Select the correct baud rate You can copy/paste the text out. IDE 2.x also has a Serial Plotter (good for quick graphs, not great for saving clean logs). Best for: quick debugging. 2) Use a terminal program and log to a file (easy + reliable) Windows PuTTY Find the COM port (Device Manager) In PuTTY: Connection type = Serial , set COMx and baud Enable logging: Session → Logging → “All session output” → choose a log file Open the session → your serial data is saved. Tera Term File → Log… to save the session output. macOS / Linux Use screen to view, and tee to save: # replace /dev/ttyACM0 or /dev/ttyUSB0 with your device, and 115200 with your baud screen /dev/ttyACM0 115200 For logging, screen alone isn’t great; better use pyse...
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