博文

What is the difference between HAL and LL drivers in STM32?

图片
 The HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) and LL (Low Layer) drivers in STM32 are both provided by STMicroelectronics, but they serve different levels of abstraction and are suited to different use cases . Here’s a breakdown of their differences:  HAL vs. LL: Key Differences Feature HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) LL (Low Layer) Abstraction Level High-level abstraction Low-level, close to register access Ease of Use Easier for beginners and rapid development Requires deeper understanding of hardware Code Size Larger (more layers, more function calls) Smaller and more efficient Performance Slower due to overhead Faster and closer to bare-metal speed Portability More portable across STM32 families Less portable, tied closely to registers Flexibility Limited to what's implemented in HAL functions More control and customization Interrupt Handling Abstracted and simplified Must be configured manually Generated by CubeMX Yes (fully supported) Yes (partial support)  When t...
发表评论
阅读全文

What are registers, ALU, and control unit in a microprocessor?

图片
 In a microprocessor , the main functional blocks work together to process data and instructions. The registers , ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) , and control unit are core components that make this possible.  1. Registers Registers are small, high-speed memory units inside the microprocessor.  Purpose: Temporarily store data , addresses, or instructions during execution Provide fast access compared to main memory  Types: Type Function General-purpose Store operands and intermediate results Special-purpose Used for specific tasks (e.g., accumulator, flags) Program Counter (PC) Holds address of the next instruction Stack Pointer (SP) Points to top of the stack memory Status Register / Flags Stores results of ALU operations (e.g., zero, carry, overflow)  2. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) The ALU is the part of the processor that performs mathematical and logical operations .  Functions: Arithmetic : Add, subtract, multiply, divide Logic :...
发表评论
阅读全文

How to create a Ready-to-use STM32CubeIDE project for DS18B20?

图片
 Here's a step-by-step guide to create a ready-to-use STM32CubeIDE project for reading temperature from the DS18B20 sensor using STM32 HAL . The example assumes you're using STM32F103C8T6 ("Blue Pill") but can be adapted to other STM32 chips. Project Overview Microcontroller : STM32F103C8T6 Sensor : DS18B20 Interface : 1-Wire protocol (bit-banged using GPIO) Development Tool : STM32CubeIDE Library : MaJerle's OneWire and DS18B20 drivers (HAL-compatible) Wiring Recap DS18B20 Pin Connect To STM32 GND GND VDD 3.3V DQ PA1 (or your chosen GPIO) 4.7 kΩ Between DQ and VDD Project Setup Steps  1. Create a New Project Open STM32CubeIDE File → New → STM32 Project Select STM32F103C8T6 (or your MCU) Name your project: DS18B20_Project  2. Configure GPIO Open .ioc file Set PA1 as GPIO_Output Enable USART1 (optional, for serial print/debug) Enable SYS → Debug: Serial Wire (for SWD debugging)  3. Add DS18B20 + On...
发表评论
阅读全文

How do you store and retrieve data from EEPROM on Arduino?

图片
 To store and retrieve data from EEPROM on Arduino , you can use the built-in EEPROM library. This allows you to store data that persists even after power is lost . 1. Include the EEPROM Library cpp # include <EEPROM.h> 2. Writing Data to EEPROM a. Write a Byte cpp EEPROM. write (address, value); // value: 0–255 b. Write Any Data Type Using EEPROM.put() cpp int myValue = 123 ; EEPROM. put (address, myValue); // Handles any type (int, float, struct, etc.) 3. Reading Data from EEPROM a. Read a Byte cpp byte val = EEPROM. read (address); b. Read Any Data Type Using EEPROM.get() cpp int myValue; EEPROM. get (address, myValue); EEPROM Characteristics Limited write cycles (~100,000 per cell) Non-volatile (keeps data after reset/power off) Use EEPROM.update() instead of write() to avoid unnecessary writes. Example: Store and Retrieve an Integer cpp # include <EEPROM.h> void setup () { Serial. begin ( 9600 ); int number = 4...
发表评论
阅读全文

How to move Arduino IDE dev work to VSCode?

图片
 To move your Arduino development work from the Arduino IDE to Visual Studio Code (VS Code) , you can use the Arduino extension for VS Code developed by Microsoft. This allows you to write, compile, and upload Arduino code directly in VS Code, with more powerful editing and debugging tools.  Step-by-Step: Move Arduino Projects to VS Code Install VS Code Download and install VS Code from: https://code.visualstudio.com/ Install the Arduino Extension Open VS Code Go to Extensions ( Ctrl+Shift+X ) Search for “Arduino” (by Microsoft) Click Install  This extension provides: Syntax highlighting IntelliSense Uploading/flashing support Serial monitor Install Arduino IDE (if not already installed) VS Code uses the Arduino CLI under the hood, so make sure the Arduino IDE is installed and accessible in your system path. Or install the Arduino CLI directly from: https://arduino.github.io/arduino-cli/ Configure Arduino Extension Press ...
发表评论
阅读全文

How to set up a Raspberry Pi 4 for the first time?

图片
  What You Need for Raspberry Pi 4 Setup  Required Hardware Raspberry Pi 4 board microSD card (16GB+ recommended, Class 10) Power supply (USB-C, 5V 3A) microSD card reader (for your PC or laptop) HDMI cable (micro-HDMI to HDMI) Monitor (or headless setup option) Keyboard and mouse Internet connection (Wi-Fi or Ethernet)  Step-by-Step Setup (With Monitor) Step 1: Flash Raspberry Pi OS to microSD Download Raspberry Pi Imager : https://www.raspberrypi.com/software Insert the microSD card into your PC. Open Raspberry Pi Imager and: Select OS: e.g., Raspberry Pi OS (32-bit) Choose storage: your microSD card Click Write → wait until it finishes Step 2: Boot Your Raspberry Pi 4 Insert the microSD card into the Pi. Connect: Monitor via micro-HDMI USB keyboard and mouse Ethernet cable (or Wi-Fi will be set up later) Plug in the power supply → Raspberry Pi will boot. Step 3: First-Time Setu...
发表评论
阅读全文

What are LUTs, flip-flops, and logic slices in an FPGA?

图片
  These are core building blocks of FPGAs , and understanding them is key to grasping how digital circuits are implemented on FPGAs.  1. LUT (Look-Up Table)  What It Is: A LUT is a small memory that stores the truth table of a logic function. A 4-input LUT can implement any logic function with 4 inputs. Internally, it behaves like a 16-entry memory table (2⁴ = 16 combinations). You program the LUT with output values for each input combination.  Example: To implement Y = A AND B , you store the correct output ( 0 or 1 ) in the LUT for each A and B combination.  Use: Combinational logic (AND, OR, XOR, MUX, etc.) Implements small logic gates efficiently  2. Flip-Flop (FF)  What It Is: A flip-flop is a 1-bit memory element that stores a binary value on a clock edge (usually rising edge).  Use: Sequential logic Registers Counters State machines Key Types: D Flip-Flop (most common): Stores valu...
发表评论
阅读全文