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How to program an Arduino?

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 To program an Arduino , you basically: install the IDE → connect the board → pick the right board/port → write (or open) a sketch → upload → verify it runs . 1) Install the Arduino IDE Download Arduino IDE 2.x from Arduino’s official site (or use Arduino Web Editor). 2) Connect your Arduino Plug the Arduino into your PC with a USB cable. If it’s a clone board (especially with CH340 / CP2102 ), you may need a USB-serial driver. 3) Select board + port in the IDE In Arduino IDE: Tools → Board : choose your model (e.g., Arduino Uno , Nano , Mega 2560 ). Tools → Port : select the COM port (Windows) or /dev/tty... (Mac/Linux). 4) Write your first program (Blink) Open: File → Examples → 01.Basics → Blink Or paste this: // Blink LED on pin 13 (most boards have a built-in LED on 13) void setup () { pinMode (LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT); } void loop () { digitalWrite (LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); delay ( 500 ); digitalWrite (LED_BUILTIN, LOW); delay ( 500 ...
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How to include a file in an stm32cubeide project?

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 In STM32CubeIDE, “including a file” usually means adding it to the project so it gets built , and/or making headers discoverable by the compiler . Here are the common cases. 1) Add an existing .c/.h file into your project (copy into project) In Project Explorer , choose the target folder: C files → Core/Src Header files → Core/Inc Right-click the folder → Import… Choose General → File System → Next Browse to your file(s) → check them Make sure “Copy files into project” is enabled Finish Then in your code: # include "myfile.h" 2) Add a new source/header file (create inside the project) Right-click Core/Src → New → Source File Name it myfile.c → Finish Right-click Core/Inc → New → Header File Name it myfile.h → Finish 3) Use a file that lives outside the project (link, don’t copy) Useful if you share code across multiple projects. Right-click your target folder (e.g., Core/Src ) → Import… General → File System ...
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How to burn jic files into FPGA?

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 A .jic file is most commonly an Intel/Altera Quartus “JTAG Indirect Configuration” image used to program the external configuration flash (EPCS/EPCQ/QSPI) through the FPGA’s JTAG , so the FPGA can boot from flash after reset/power-cycle. 0) Quick clarity: .SOF vs .JIC .sof → programs the FPGA directly (volatile). Works immediately, lost on power-off. .jic → programs the configuration flash (non-volatile). FPGA loads from flash on reboot. A) Program a .JIC into the flash (Quartus GUI) 1) Hardware + board setup Connect USB-Blaster / USB-Blaster II (or compatible) to the board’s JTAG header. Power the board. Set any board jumpers/switches to allow JTAG access (varies by board). 2) Open Quartus Programmer Tools → Programmer Click Hardware Setup… Select your cable (e.g., USB-Blaster ), then Close Set Mode = JTAG 3) Detect the JTAG chain Click Auto Detect Quartus should show your FPGA device in the chain. 4) Attach the flash de...
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How to connect a Bluetooth controller to a Raspberry Pi?

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 Here’s the usual, reliable way to connect a Bluetooth controller to a Raspberry Pi (Raspberry Pi OS) . I’ll give you both GUI and terminal methods, plus the pairing combos for common controllers. 1) Quick GUI method (Raspberry Pi OS Desktop) Turn on Bluetooth on the Pi: Click the Bluetooth icon in the top bar (or go to Preferences → Bluetooth ). Put your controller into pairing mode (see section 3). In the Bluetooth window: Search / Add Device Select your controller Click Pair After pairing, choose Connect (some controllers auto-connect). Tip: If you don’t see a Bluetooth UI, install it: sudo apt update sudo apt install -y blueman 2) Terminal method (works on Desktop + Lite): bluetoothctl Open a terminal and run: bluetoothctl Inside bluetoothctl , type: power on agent on default-agent scan on Put the controller in pairing mode. Wait until you see it appear, then copy its MAC address (looks like AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF ). Pai...
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How to reflash microcontroller Klipper?

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 Here’s the standard (safe) way to reflash Klipper firmware to a printer microcontroller board , plus the common variations (SD card, USB/DFU, RP2040 UF2, etc.). 0) When do you actually need to reflash? Most “Klipper updates” are host-only . You typically reflash the MCU when Klipper/Mainsail/Fluidd shows a firmware version mismatch or you changed MCU settings in make menuconfig . Klipper’s FAQ explicitly notes you may need to recompile + flash after upgrades (and that RESTART / FIRMWARE_RESTART does not load new firmware). 1) Build the correct firmware (on your Pi / host) Go to Klipper source and open config: cd ~/klipper make menuconfig Tip: the comments at the top of your printer board’s Klipper config usually tell you exactly what to pick in menuconfig . Compile: make clean make (“make clean” is commonly used before rebuilds.) Your output firmware will appear in ~/klipper/out/ (e.g., klipper.bin or klipper.uf2 ). 2) Find the MCU device path (USB fl...
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How to load program in Arduino?

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 To “load a program” onto an Arduino , you’re basically compiling your sketch and uploading it to the board over USB (or via an external programmer). Here are the common ways. Method 1: Arduino IDE (most common) Install Arduino IDE (Arduino IDE 2.x). Connect the board to your PC with USB. In IDE: Tools → Board → pick your Arduino model (Uno/Nano/Mega, etc.). Tools → Port → select the COM/USB port that appears. Open an example: File → Examples → 01.Basics → Blink Click Verify (✓) to compile. Click Upload (→) to load it onto the Arduino. The board will reset and run the program automatically. Quick check: The “L” LED should blink after uploading Blink. Method 2: Upload using a USB-to-Serial adapter (for some boards) Used when: Your board doesn’t have USB built-in, or You’re programming a bare ATmega328P + bootloader setup. Typical wiring (adapter → Arduino/ATmega): TX → RX RX → TX GND → GND 5V → 5V (only if the adapter pr...
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Where is my hex file on STM32?

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 On STM32 there isn’t a special “HEX storage” on the chip—your .hex file is generated on your PC by the build toolchain , and its location depends on the IDE/build config. If you use STM32CubeIDE (most common) Build Debug → typically here: <your_project>/Debug/ Example: ...\workspace\<project>\Debug\<project>.hex Build Release → typically here: <your_project>/Release/ Important: CubeIDE always creates an .elf . The .hex/.bin may not appear unless enabled. Enable it in CubeIDE: Project Properties → C/C++ Build → Settings → MCU Post build outputs → check “Convert to Intel Hex” (and/or Bin). If you use Keil µVision Usually in: <project>\Objects\ (or whatever you set in Options for Target). If you use IAR EWARM In the project output directory you configured (often under Debug/Exe or similar), depending on settings. Quick way to find it (any IDE) Search your project/workspace folder for: *.hex .
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